unit one linguistic approaches to translation chapter 1 eugene nida dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence chapter 2 peter newmark semantic and communicative translation chapter 3 albrecht neubert translation as text unit two functionalist approaches to translation chapter 4 hans j. vermeer skopos theory chapter 5 christiane nord functionality plus loyalty unit three descriptive approaches to translation chapter 6 itamar even-zohar polysystem theory chapter 7 gideon toury descriptive translation studies chapter 8 andre lefevere translation as rewriting unit four cultural studies approaches to translation chapter 9 lawrence venuti foreignizing translation strategy chapter 10 luise von flotow a feminist perspective chapter 11 douglas robinson postcolonial approach to translation unit five philosophical approaches to translation... chapter 12 george steiner hermeneutic approach to translation chapter 13 jacques derrida deconstructionist translation theory unit six cognitive approaches to translation chapter 14 ernst-august gutt cognitive approach to translation unit seven empirical research in translation studies chapter 15 wolfgang lorscher think-aloud as a method chapter 16 mona baker corpus-based translation studies bibliography